Vectors

We normally describe a vector as a triplet of (X, Y, Z) values - (v_x, v_y, v_z) represents a vector that points v_x units in the direction of the X axis, v_y units in the direction of the Y axis, and v_z units in the direction of the Z axis.

e.g., (2, 0, 0) is a vector pointing in the direction of the X axis, 2 units long. (1, 1, 0) is a vector pointing at a 45 degree angle between the X and Y axes, 1.414 units long.

The magnitude of a vector (x,y,z) is its Euclidean length - the square root of v_x² + v_y² + v_z².